Ocean Drilling – School of Rock

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“Ocean Drilling 101” and the JOI Learning “School of RockR= 21;

Guest Scientist

Jill Weinberger

Originally presented 29 Sep 2007

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During= the International Geophysical Year 1957 - 58

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.34%'>•The USSR = launched Sputnik

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.34%'>•The USA l= aunched Explorer 1

•Van Allen= and colleagues discovered the radiation belts that protect Earth&#= 13;•Discoveri= es in the Arctic and Antarctic greatly expanded out knowledge of po= lar regions •…an= d we knew almost nothing about the sea floor!

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After W= orld War II, we …

•used echo-sounding to begin mapping the = ocean floors, but much was guesswork by Marie Tharp and colleagues •began the first efforts to understand remnant magnetism of the s= ea floors, but only a very limited regions •used pist= on cores and dredges to scrap up sediments from the top few meters

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We didn’t even know if …

•Life could exist in the deepest parts of the ocean until after the bathyscaphe “Trieste” went to the bottom of the Marianna Trench in 1960

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki= /Bathyscaphe_Trieste

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We did = know …

•how to drill for petroleum in shallow waters using oil industry technology aboard special ships •President= Kennedy pledged to put Americans on the Moon by the end of the = decade

<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>•

couldn’t we …

<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>•

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…= create a way to drill through the
ocean bottom?

•= Project Mohole was created in 1958 as the Earth Science’s response to the Space Race.

•The original goal was = to develop technology capable of drilling through the Mohorovicic Discontinuity to obtain samples from the Earth’s mantle.

•In 1966, Congress obje= cted to the cost and ended the project before its objectives had been achieved.

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But out= of the remains came DSDP –
the Deep Sea Drill= ing Project

•In 1967, the “Gl= omar Challenger” began its construction as the = first drilling ship designed to explore the ocean floors&= #13;

•Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) oversaw = scientific operations

•

http://iodp.tamu.edu/publici= nfo/glomar_challenger.html

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The “Glomar Challenger” produced impressive results from the start!

•DSDP Leg 1 Site 2 reve= aled the existience of underwater salt domes, still a major = petroleum source

•= DSDP Leg 3 drilled 17 holes at 10 different sites along a oceanic ri= dge between South America and Africa. The core samples retrieved provided definitive proof for continental drift and seafloor renewal at rift zones, as well as support for the ne= w theory of Plate Tectonics.

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Bringing Historic Discoveries into the Classroom

•We’ll explore = more about these discoveries during the Curriculum Development portion of this Workshop. • JOI Learning al= so provides this activity at http://ww= w.joiscience.org/files/activities/PlateTectonics_= DSDP3.pdf

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Other e= arly discoveries included…

•…how youthful = the sea floors are compared with continents. No part of the ocean bottom is even 300 million years old, compared with rocks= on land that date back to nearly 3,900,000 million years. •DSDP conf= irmed that oceans are constantly being destroyed in subduction zones and created in divergence zones.

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New improvements, new discoveries!

•DSDP ended in 1983, = and was succeeded by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) = ;

•From 1983 – 2003= , = ODP continued to expand international participation in ocean exploration, utilizing the Drilling Vessel = = “JOIDES Resolution”

•

http://www.odplegacy.org/ope= rations/ship.html

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The ODP’s “Greatest Hits” fill at least two volumes…

•Greatest Hits Volume 1: 1985-1996
(PDF; 1.8 Mb) •Greatest Hits Volume 2: 1997-2003
(PDF; 2.2 Mb) •All ODP Greatest Hits abstracts are available at http://ww= w.odplegacy.org/science_results/highlight= s.html

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For 20 years, the JR provided a unique platform to explore the deeps

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>•= Facts about JR operations

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>•= Virtual tour of the JR

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What Ma= de the JR So Efficient?

•Advanced systems to sta= y in one spot regardless of waves, currents, etc.

•

•Wide Va= riety of Coring Tools

• Advanced Piston Corer (APC): used in soft ooze and sediments &#= 13;

• Rotary Core Barrel (RCB): used in medium to hard crystalline= = sediments

• Extended Core Barrel (XCB): used in firm sediments

• = Advanced Diamond Core Barrel (ADCB): used= in hard sedimentary or igneous formati= ons

• = Motor Driven Core Barrel (MDCB): Used in interbedded materials and hard fractured rock

• Pressure Core Sampler (PCS): used in sediments while maintainin= g = in situ pressure

• Core Bits

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•Reentry Hardware=

•<= /span>Drill-In-Casing (DIC) System: used to drill in a short casing string simultaneously with the bit to suppo= rt an = unstable sediment zone

•<= /span>Free Fall Funnel (FFF):= used to reenter a hole

•<= /span>= Hard Rock Base (HRB): Used to focus the dir= ection of the drill bit into hard irregular seafloor surfaces

•<= /span>= Hard Rock Reentry System (HRRS): used to install = casing with reentry capability on a sloping or rou= gh hard rock seafloor = ;

•= Reentry Cone and Casing (RECC): used as a permanent seafloor installation (or legacy hole) able to sup= port = nested casing strings

•

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Downhole Tools

Important as retrieving cores might be, often recovery was incomplete, but v= ital information could still be obtained through use of a wide variety of Logging t= ools that were sent down into the hole. The = LDEO Borehole Research Group has long had main responsibi= lity for this aspect of ODP discoveries.

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What BR= G Does

•The Boreho= le Research Group uses downhole geophysical measurements in a wide variety of scientific investigations including sea level variations, paleoceanography, flow of fluids through fractured rock, and thermal and mechanical properties of the ocean's igneous crust and the properties of natural gas hydrates. BRG is also actively involved in the development <= /span>of new tools and techniques for acquiring and analyzing downhole data.

https://w= ebcenter.ldeo.columbia.edu/lamonturls.nsf/ByFacilitiesTitle?OpenView

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BRG Edu= cation Projects

• Over the past f= ew years, BRG scientists have provided educational programs t= o E2C and other groups. If you are interested, here is the link to these:

= http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/BRG/EDUCATION/= PROJECTS/= index.html

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