Heezen and Tharp's "physiographic maps"

SONAR was widely employed in WW II, and many records became available after the war.
Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp here at Lamont developed techniques beginning in the 1950s to change these 2-D records into 3-D physiographic charts, a drawing technique developed by their Columbia professors E. Raisz and A. K. Lobeck.

SONAR was widely employed in WW II, and many records became available after the war.